The Sichuan Earthquake In 2008 Environmental Sciences Essay

The Sichuan Earthquake In 2008 Environmental Sciences Essay On the afternoon of the 12th of May 2008, a threatening 8.0-magnitude of earthquake occurred on the Northwest of Chengdu, Sichuan and Southwest of Beijing in China. The China Official stated that 69,227 people were confirmed dead, 68,636people were in Sichuan territory and 374,176 people were injured with 18,222people were missing. The earthquake caused about 5  million people homeless. An estimation of 5.36 million buildings collapsed and more than 21 million buildings were damaged in Sichuan, Chongqing, Gansu, Hubei, Shaanxi and Yunnan were part of the affected area. The total economic loss was estimated 86 billion US dollars. The most affected area like Beichuan, Dujiangyan, Wuolong and Yingxiu were almost completely destroyed. This Sichuan earthquake is the most stunning earthquake happened in China since the Tangshan earthquake in 1976 which killed at least 240,000  people. The roads, railways and buildings were damaged and destroyed by landslides and rock falls which were formed by the earthquake, the landside created more than 34 barrier lakes which intimidated about 700,000 people at downstream to evacuate. The road access to the region of Chengdu was cut off for a number of days. The communications of the entire city were almost broke down. The rescue teams had to proceed to the scene for more than 3 days by foot. Several months later, the nightmare wasnt ended. The aftershocks was still continued to hit the area, some of them surpassed 6 magnitudes that caused more victims and damages lost. Regardless of the large death rate in this earthquake, questions and voices raised about thousands of the initial quakes victims were children buried in shoddily built schools. Even the government institution building like hospitals, schools and factories were completely collapsed in several different areas around Sichuan. It was questioned by the parents of children and the media, how rigorously the China has been enforced the buildings code during this century. Therefore, the central government of China declared on it would use 1 trillion Renminbi (around $146.5 billion) in the coming three years to reconstruct areas ravaged after the earthquake. CONSEQUENCE OF THE EARTHQUAKE Health and Pollution The health problem in affected areas is terrible, mainly due to the lack of clean water, resulting in victims fouling and rubbish is everywhere. In addition, fires, gas leaks and water pollution are the environmental problem after the Sichuan earthquake. Communication All communication in Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei and other places is interrupted by the earthquake, the three provinces of public communications network infrastructure was severely damaged. Due to the sudden increased in communications, the usage of local long-distance telephone in Sichuan has risen to more than 10 times, cell phone receive rate dropped to half of the average. Sichuan Aba area of about 200 base station network paralysis; Chengdu communications network is fortunately normal, but network is busy, voice message is 7 times of usual and the SMS is 2 times of usual that resulting in congestion and SMS communication delay. Traffic   Road damaged by the earthquake which affected the aviation, Chengdu International Airport shut down immediately after the earthquake. Railways, the Baoji-Chengdu Railway and Chengdu-Kunming railway line extension and the related multiple collapsed. Highways, the earthquake caused landslides, avalanches and other secondary disasters which resulting the roads in the disaster areas and the infrastructure severely damaged and enormous loss. Landform and Water Earthquake caused the collapse of the Minjiang River and areas of landscape change that induced a large number of secondary mountain hazards, mainly landslides, debris flow, etc., in the active stage of secondary disasters after the earthquake, landslide active landslide will continue of 5-10 years, the active debris flow will continue of 10-20 years. In addition, the earthquake in Wenchuan, Beichuan and other areas formed 34 barrier lakes; and the Tangjiashan Barrier Lake is the most dangerous one. Ecology The homes of Wolong giant panda in Sichuan were destroyed by the earthquake mountain collapse, landslide, debris flow and land subsidence. Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu Province ecosystems are damaged in large area, bare soil, rivers blocked and geomorphology changed that affected the water conservation function, soil conservation function and biodiversity maintenance function to serious jeopardy. Finance and Industry After the earthquake, the Agricultural Development Bank in Beichuan County branch is affected, the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange are unable to contact the listed company of Sichuan and Chongqing, and decided to suspend the 66 listed companies of both countries. The insurance industry, due to the amount insured and the insurance is low, after the earthquake, the disaster area is paid only $1.806 billion by the insurance industry. For Industry, the affected industrial enterprises in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces reached 17,923companies. The direct economic loss is $104.87 billion and other economic loss is about $83 billion. LEsson learned The earthquake happened in Sichuan, it took few days to grasp all the damages and number of casualty involved. All telecommunication was cut off, roads and bridges were destroyed by earthquake. Rescue team required to proceed to the affected area by climbing up mountains and crossing rivers by foot which caused a serious delay for the first response of the disaster. In this disaster, more than 90 % of casualties were killed by collapsed buildings. Most damaged buildings could not sustain the shock of the earthquake, even the government institution building. It obviously showed that the building code may not be upon standard or the enforcement action did not strictly comply by the local government. Introducing minimum safety standards for new building construction can largely reduce the risk from future earthquakes. In particular, improvements in the design and construction of reinforced concrete frame buildings with brick infill, in order to reduce the increase in risk. Furthermore, the urban planning in earthquake-prone regions can be improved by strengthen the buildings become more differcuit to collapse when they are shivered by earthquakes. In view of the damages were too large for local government to cope with and medical cooperation was not effective enough to rescue the casualties in the golden time. As such, the Emergency Response Plans should be recognized that for the first several hours after an earthquake, the first response is going to come from the local communities. Hence, training programs involving local volunteers are important to reduce the life loss from an earthquake. An aggressive planning and training in schools should be carried out by children knowing what to do when the shaking began. Drills should be undertaken to test the emergency response plans and keep them current with respect to changing conditions. Governmental institutions and civil society organizations should accept policies and develop programs for pro-active preparedness and mitigation instead of being concerns by response only. Awareness programs, preventive actions and long term mitigation policies will result in more responsible and capable institutions, more engaged communities and a more aware civil society. Urban risk reduction must be viewed as a partnership between the government and its citizenship. Lack of systematical rescue procedures were also noted in this disaster. A Government Logistic Centre should be established, in order to gather all the resources, supporting from Nation Wide Agency, Medical Supporting Team and Voluntary Rescue team from other country. However, the Government disaster plan should be developed to identify the resources that can respond to disaster immediately. These resources include both the human potential as well as the availability of heavy equipment, which hindered the immediate intervention of search and rescue on affected areas. Perform basic calculations to estimate the impact of the Sichuan earthquake Top 10 most important Earthquake (seismic activity) disasters for the period 1900 to 2010 Country Date No Total Affected China P Rep, Earthquake (ground shaking) 12/05/2008 45976596 India, Earthquake (ground shaking) 21/08/1988 20003766 India, Earthquake (ground shaking) 26/01/2001 6321812 Pakistan, Earthquake (ground shaking) 8/10/2005 5128000 China P Rep, Earthquake (ground shaking) 3/02/1996 5077795 Guatemala, Earthquake (ground shaking) 4/02/1976 4993000 Haiti, Earthquake (ground shaking) 12/01/2010 3700000 Peru, Earthquake (ground shaking) 31/05/1970 3216240 Indonesia, Earthquake (ground shaking) 27/05/2006 3177923 China P Rep, Earthquake (ground shaking) 1/11/1999 3020004 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net Università © Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium Earthquake depends on what kind it is issued by the district, if the earthquake occurred in sparsely populated areas which loss of life and property with little or no. However, if the earthquake occurred is a modern city, there will result in lives and property great loss. In addition to the economic value of material damage, the earthquake should be considered as a result of direct and indirect economic consequences, such as urban and rural migration, production interruption, health and other social services temporary to provide normally. We can be observed from above table, the Sichuan earthquake have brought the huge implications for loss of life and property. The number of total affected in the Sichuan earthquake are 45976596 which impact large than other countries. Comparison with natural disaster in Eastern Asia in 2008 Dates Geo Disaster Numbers Start End Location Type Killed Total Affected Est. Damage (US$ Million) 00/11/2008 00/00/2009 China -Henan, Anhui, Shanxi Drought 3700000 234.294 25/05/2008 25/05/2008 China Qingzhou, Sichuan Earthquake (ground shaking) 8 351000 26/12/2008 26/12/2008 China -Yunnan province Earthquake (ground shaking) 95019 06/10/2008 06/10/2008 China -Near Ningzhong, Yangi Earthquake (ground shaking) 30 754 30/08/2008 30/08/2008 China -Miyi, Lihui , Panzhihua Earthquake (ground shaking) 40 1000589 492 21/08/2008 21/08/2008 China -Yingjiang (Yunnan province) Earthquake (ground shaking) 6 160 05/08/2008 05/08/2008 China -Sichuan province Earthquake (ground shaking) 4 13529 12/05/2008 12/05/2008 China -Wenchuan country, Wencgua Earthquake (ground shaking) 87476 45976596 85000 14/02/2008 18/02/2008 China -Yunnan province Extreme winter conditions 16 10/01/2008 05/02/2008 China -Zhejiang, Sichuan, Anhui Extreme winter conditions 129 77000000 21100 07/07/2008 07/07/2008 China -Hubei, Yunnan provinces General Flood 19 3000000 102 10/10/2008 16/10/2008 China -Hainan Island General Flood 3 50000 31/10/2008 04/11/2008 China -Yunnan, Guangxi provinces General Flood 67 411000 29 07/08/2008 11/08/2008 China -Jinghong (Yunan province) General Flood 20 810000 42 02/05/2008 05/05/2008 China -Dangyang, Shayang General Flood 3 780000 19 07/06/2008 22/06/2008 China -Jiangxi, Guangxi General Flood 176 1600000 2200 27/05/2008 05/06/2008 China -Guizhou, Hubei, Guangxi General Flood 64 538166 08/07/2008 08/07/2008 China -Long en village Landslide 15 08/09/2008 08/09/2008 China -Taoshi, near Linfen Landslide 277 35 13/06/2008 13/06/2008 China -Luliang (Shanxi province Landslide 19 14/03/2008 14/03/2008 China -Near Huocheng County Landslide 12 03/06/2008 03/06/2008 China -Zhoukou (Henan province) Local storm 10 100 23 17/04/2008 19/04/2008 China -Xinjiang Local storm 733 28/09/2008 28/09/2008 China -Ningle, Fuzhou, Putian Tropical cyclone 24/09/2008 25/09/2008 China -Near Maoming, Yanjiang Tropical cyclone 12 824 22/08/2008 23/08/2008 China -Canton, Shenzhen Tropical cyclone 4 900000 58 08/08/2008 11/08/2008 China -Leizhou Peninsula Tropical cyclone 42000 80 28/07/2008 08/08/2008 China -Yuexi, Jinzhai Tropical cyclone 1 93006 73 24/06/2008 27/06/2008 China -Sichuan, Guandong Tropical cyclone 14 340000 175 19/04/2008 19/04/2008 China -Shenzhen, Hainan Tropical cyclone 25 274000 49 25/09/2008 25/09/2008 Hong Kong (China) Tropical cyclone 58 22/09/2008 22/09/2008 Hong Kong (China) Tropical cyclone 2 112 0.38 05/08/2008 05/08/2008 Hong Kong (China) Tropical cyclone 37 23/07/2008 24/07/2008 Japan -Hachinohe Earthquake (ground shaking) 1 470 110 14/06/2008 14/06/2008 Japan -Iwate, Miyazaki, Miyagi Earthquake (ground shaking 23 448 167 28/07/2008 29/07/2008 Japan -Kobe , Kanazawa General Flood 5 50003 04/05/2008 04/05/2008 Korea -Boryeong Storm surge/coastal Flood 10 13 01/05/2008 10/09/2008 Mongolia -Ulaanbaatar, Sukhbaatar Viral Infectious Diseases 3151 16/09/2008 16/09/2008 Taiwan Nantou Tropical cyclone 52 28/09/2008 28/09/2008 Taiwan Ilan county Tropical cyclone 30 60 90 23/09/2008 23/09/2008 Taiwan (China) Tropical cyclone 1 18/07/2008 19/07/2008 Taiwan -Stratit, Yilan Tropical cyclone 26 8 16 27/07/2008 27/07/2008 Taiwan Nantou county Tropical cyclone 2 10 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net Università © Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium Comparison with the number of killed from natural disaster in China in 2008 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net Università © Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium The above chart is shown as the number of 87564 killed people from natural disaster in China. The earthquake was largest number of killed people than other natural disaster. Departments should focus on research institute in the future to prevent the recurrence of earthquakes. Reducing earthquake disasters on human life and property loss and damage caused. Comparison with estimate damage ($US million) from natural disaster in Eastern Asia in 2008 Source: EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database www.em-dat.net Università © Catholique de Louvain Brussels Belgium In economic losses, natural disasters occurred in China far more than other countries. Thus, the result has been impact on the economy to slow down the development of Chinas development. Estimation the impact of the earthquake The Sichuan earthquake led at minimum 5  million people missing housing. The estimate impact of economics might be as high as 11  million. Uncountable of agriculture were also damaged with 12.5 million animals and birds. In the Sichuan province a lot of pigs who died from out of the total number of 60 million. Catastrophe modeling firm air worldwide announced official evaluates of bought insurance amount about losses at US$1 billion in the earthquake, estimated total destroy over US$20 billion. There are including the values Chengdu, Sichuan Provinces capital city of 4.5  million people, worth US$115  billion, and having only a small part included by insurance. Multi-layered urban system LB HA IS SE NE Fast Slow Speed of change Space Narrow Vast HA Human Activities LB Land-use and Built environment IS InfraStructure SE Social Environment NE Natural Environment Ye Yaoxian 2008, Earthquake Disaster Comparatology City is a multi-layered system that includes other five levels of Natural Environment, Social Environment, InfraStructure, Land-use and Built environment, Human Activities. The above chart could estimate for urban speed of change to prevent unbalance between human activities and natural environment. Urban earthquake disaster is the earthquake struck the city of all these systems, so that the citys multi-level system of quality and functional decline. It is making the city the most vulnerable and potential dysfunction. A city could not stand the test of earthquake destruction. It depends on every level and all levels of interaction with suitable the methods and functions. China must harmonious development and sustainable management of our cities to economic afford the impact of the earthquake. Earthquake disaster is huge accident. The contributing factors of the earthquake disaster and characterized mainly the following four: Low frequency for occurrence of earthquake Disastrous earthquake in the same place where may take a hundred years or even centuries. Living in the earthquake risk residents, a life may not meet case of strong earthquake, or even generations also cannot feel by the cruel and powerful in the earthquake. Therefore, people undergo a seismic zone earthquake in the blood of the lesson often forgotten. Destruction of large areas by earthquake disaster Earthquake on the built environment, social environment and the natural environment will have major damage and impact. The damage will not only directly affect a countrys vast area, and may spread to the country, and even the world. Therefore, a comprehensive defense of this area of the disaster damage, not only requires enormous human and material resources, but also need a scientific decision support. High uncertainty to predict future earthquake We cannot accurately predict future earthquake time, location and magnitude of the three elements. Nowadays, we are in order to use the limited human and material resources to deal with a lot of uncertainty in the disaster that is almost impossible obviously. Strong interaction with natural and social factor Earthquake disaster is not only a natural phenomenon. There have also social, economic and environmental phenomena. Earthquake disaster will be the system with multi-level interaction. If the earthquake occurred in the undeveloped areas, although unexpected that but it will not form a disaster; However, if in a modern international metropolis, the world will be affected and impact. Different countries, from government to private plans are developed and adopted various measures to mitigate natural disasters, developed and developing countries start and finish a lot of assistance cooperation projects. Human factors involved in Sichuan earthquake Social and Political Factor After the earthquake, the Chinese government was quickly response to the earthquake that should be appreciation but its school construction scandal. The central government evaluates where over 7,000 not suitable engineered schoolrooms toppled in the earthquake. Chinese residents have since developed a catch phrase: tofu-dregs schoolhouses to fake materials with the quantity of structure of building which killed a lot of school children. It is because Chinas the policy of one-child, many families lost their only child while schools in the area of collapsed in the earthquake. Therefore, local officials in Sichuan province have cancelled the limit for families that only child was either killed or fatally injured in the disaster. Uneven urban development in China, especially Sichuan where were resulted in city marginalized. Sichuan public transport facilities are crude. There was difficult to access from the rescue terms. The problem has become serious in Chinas rich and poor. The well urban political planning is very important. Human vulnerability After the quake, donations from China and around the world were constantly. How many of the real victims could reach the help directly. It is because Chinas corruption problem is serious. Builders purchase building materials in the corruption or taking their commission. The result was produced tofu-dregs schoolhouses to reduce the quality of these inferior constructions. Sichuan Earthquake (Yr 2008) implication Sichuan earthquake is a disaster for two reasons: it is both an exceptional seismic event in itself, and exceeded the human abilities in the Sichuan province to encounter it. The combination of those two elements explains why this earthquake is a major disaster, with great losses. Regarding the casualties, the Sichuan earthquake is the second most important natural disaster in the world in 2008 (the first is the Nargis typhoon in Burma). But if we take into account the affected population and the economic losses, Wenchuan earthquake ranks first. The earthquake was indeed particularly devastating. The regions high vulnerability is one of the reasons for these dreadful damages, but it is not the only explanation. We can quickly name some of the earthquakes characteristics which explain the importance of damages. Ground motion observations from the earthquake indicate a long duration of ground shaking-over 100 seconds in most areas, and in rare cases as high as a few hundred seconds. The long duration of ground motion is a challenging issue in earthquake engineering because of its continuous impact, accumulating the damaging effects and compounding the development of fractures within engineering structures. As seismic waves travel through the ground, they produce both vertical and horizontal ground shaking effects, which have different structural impacts that must be accounted for in building design (Risk Management Solution, Stanford University). The vertical component of the Wenchuan earthquake was particularly important, inc reasing the damages to buildings. The surface ruptures were also exceptional and caused lots of damage (Xiwei Xu et al). There are also economic and social damage. A number of buildings and infrastructures have been destroyed or damaged. This had a significant impact on the local economy and on peoples living conditions. According to the Integrated Risk Governance Project Report (Peijun Shi et al, China) the earthquake damaged the following infrastructures: 24 express ways, 163 national and provincial highways, 7 important railways and 3 smaller ones, 22 airports (among them Chengdu airport). The electricity, communication, radio, television and water conservation infrastructures were also damaged, so were some cultural relics. 6 counties and 125 cities lacked electricity. More than 30 000 communication stations, 1 096 radio and television stations, 2473 major reservoirs, 822 electric stations, 1 105 dykes and 20 769 pipes were damaged. Roads were cut, so the access to some areas became difficult. These damages caused a degradation of the living conditions of a part of the population. For example, the damages to water pipes had consequences for 10.5 million people. The losses also concerned industry and agriculture. 17826 companies were affected and 5645 major industrial companies stopped production. In Sichuan and Gansu, 137000 hectares of crops and 486 000 hectares of forest were destroyed. Of course, the most important damage for peoples living conditions was the collapse of buildings. 15,106 million people have been displaced, essentially because of this reason (but also in order to dodge secondary disasters, such as lakes which were formed after the earthquake and could overflow, or such as landslides). Six months after the disaster, there were still 5 million peo ple who lived in temporary houses or even in tents. The amount of these losses is huge. The economic losses reached 845,136 billion Yuan in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi (with 771,717 billion Yuan only for Sichuan). Apart from the lossess on economic and society, and it was corrosion in the school buildings scandal. The Chinese central government estimates that over 7,000 poor engineered school rooms were collapsed in the earthquake., and such constructions that killed so many school children. Emergency Response Numbers of rescue personnel where have brigades from the Peoples Liberation Army going into action within 24 hours. However, Rescue efforts were very difficult from the beginning, owing to the difficult environment situation and the extensive damage to the basic public facilities. All roads delivery to Wenchuan Xian (Sichuan) had been stopped and rescuer should access to Wenchuan and this parameter on foot. In the days and weeks that followed, outside resources and personnel were delivered to the disaster zone. Reconstruction and Long Term Recovery Efforts The China State Council support for the Sichuan re-construction, the most pressing issue is to relief millions of persons as many of them still losing their home and most keep going to stay in temporary shelters of one kind or others. The Central Government of China is giving the pressure and using resources to built up the new housing when the coming of Winter. The earthquake: a shock which raises awareness about risk management The earthquake is also some kind of a test to the top management of PRC Governments reaction and abilities in general, and shock which raises awareness for the risk / emergency management system in particular. The growing importance attached to the principle of responsibility, the PRC Governments supervision of help are elements which can get a new importance in the future Chinese policy. Conclusion The Sichuan (Wenchuan) earthquake is a large-scale disaster which struck the Sichuan province, and more particularly its underdeveloped western part. Sichuan is one of the numerous Chinese provinces where earthquake risk is high: China is a country marked by natural disasters in general and earthquakes in particular. The disaster was a trial for the Chinese government and its administration, which both already had to deal with the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, at the end of the Cultural Revolution when China was far less developed than it is today. The management of the Wenchuan earthquake seems to be a rupture because of its efficiency and of the open attitude of the government, and of the multiplicity of actors who took part in relief work. In spite of difficulties, the solidarity outburst which occurred was unprecedented in the country. The time of crisis was followed by recovery, then rebuilding. This last moment was an opportunity to initiate new dynamics taking into account antis eismic norms in a more efficient way, better urban planning, programmes which integrate struggle against poverty, and also creating symbols and memorial places of the disaster. But dynamics related to this event do not only concern affected areas: the event generated a broader rise of awareness about risk issues, and had repercussions at a national scale. As a matter of fact, there are a growing number of reflections and measures about risk and disaster management in the whole administration: at a national level, but also at local officials, who fear the possibility of occurrence of a disaster in their own region. In any way, risk and disaster management appears like an important issue in land planning, and cannot be separated from economic and social development questions. The analysis of the Wenchuan earthquake can be a first approach to larger inquiries about natural disasters in China and their management for two reasons. First, it was a major disaster, which has already become a reference. Thus, its analysis can be a model to compare other events. Then, the earthquake triggered an unprecedented reaction: how are these dynamics going to evolve? This study focuses on seismic disasters, particularly on one event, whose size was exceptional. It aroused reactions and a rise of awareness which are also exceptional. China is marked by lots of disasters, which are usually less important and less spectacular. Making a list of common points and differences in the management of these different phenomena could be interesting. All of them are not national events like the Wenchuan earthquake was. Is the relative discretion of smaller disasters an obstacle for their taking into account by authorities and actors of land settlement? The Wenchuan disaster revealed many things about society and the government in China because it is an exceptional situation, a deviation from the norm. The media have built a specific memory about natural disasters, by showing the most sensational , elements or those whose description and visualization are the easiest so they have creat

Apush Taxation Without Representation Dbq

The motivations of American Revolutionary movement, at its peak from 1765 to 1780, are a much disputed subject between historians like Bernard Bailyn and Esmond Wright. One of the questionable motivations is the demand for no taxation without representation from the colonies at the time. It becomes clear through the documents of the Virginia House of Burgesses and Stamp Act Congress as well as letters from Thomas Jefferson that no taxation without representation was the primary motivation and unifier of the American colonies between 1765 and 1780.In the mid-1700’s, due to the high debt created by the British after the French and Indian War, parliament created a series of new taxes used on only the American colonies to gain revenue. One of the most unpopular taxes, called the Stamp Act, required a stamp to be put on all legal documents for a certain fee. This upset many people in the colonies including the Virginia House of Burgesses, which was the legislature in Williamsburg, Virginia, at the time.The committee there created a resolution to ask the same rights as Britons, who had representatives in Parliament to defend themselves against taxation without representation (Document A). Since the British Parliament did not listen to the colonial legislatures individually, some of the colonies joined forces to create Stamp Act Congress. This grouping was the first formal and organized unification of the American Colonies at the time and would snowball into the first and second Continental Congress which would take place ten years later.Stamp Act Congress (Document B) addressed issues and their possible solutions relating to the House of Commons in Great Britain, the Parliament. With the issue the Virginia House of Burgesses addressed, the Stamp Act Congress created the resolution of having a representative democracy styled legislature to discuss matters of taxation. These ideas were on par with that of the Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies by Daniel Dulany which stated â€Å"A right to impose an internal tax on the colonies, without their consent for the single use of revenue, is denied. (Document C) â€Å"No taxation without representation! † was the slogan of many patriot groups like the Sons of Liberty in the mostly unified colonies of the 1770s. These patriots like Joseph Warren, who played a leading role in the patriot organizations in Boston and was a militia general at Bunker Hill, said that taxation without representation â€Å"could not be supported by reason and argument† and that â€Å"upon fair examination, appeared to be unjust and unconstitutional. † (D) Beginning with the Stamp Act of 1764, the colonists found themselves with an unfair laws and government on their hands.With this issue at hand, new legislatures were formed in the American Colonies like The Stamp Act Congress (B), First, and Second Continental Congress. These legislatures strived for a represent ative democracy, one better than the one they were deprived of in House of Commons in Great Britain. By the 1770s, the ideals of rights of men, as those mentioned in the Virginia House of Burgesses (A) and Joseph Warren (D), spread throughout the colonies. It was the demand of no taxation without representation that unified the colonies and drove them toward a representative democracy which every man has his say.

Different Cultures Coming Together in Tucson Essay

The Tucson Meet Yourself Festival is a great opportunity to familiarize yourself with different cultures, that live right in our city. You get to experience these great cultures that thrive in our community, by sampling the cultures food and watching and listening to their traditional dances and music. There is everything there from Vietnamese, Greek, Mexican, Native American, Chinese, and many more cultures featured at this event. I was lucky enough to get the opportunity to both experience and dance for this festival. I dance for the most well known Hispanic dance company in Tucson, AZ; Viva Performing Arts Center. We have gotten the opportunity to dance at this wonderful festival for the past two years and the audience is always so appreciative to watch what we have to offer, and soak in the culture through our dances. We usually showcase our well known Mexican Folklore dances as wells as our Samba, Mambo, and Salsa. Just by watching the audiences reaction to our dances not only makes me feel like I’m getting my culture out there in a positive way, but proud to be part of the Hispanic culture. After dancing, as a group we go out together into the festival and explore what this event has to offer. We spent most of the day there. It was great to see how well all the cultures adapt together in one setting. Everyone seems to get along so well and it gives the environment such a friendly and happy feel. All the food booths pull you in with the amazing aromas, that make your mouth water. They are set up right next to each other and its like walking through different countries right in Tucson. My favorite foods were the Vietnamese boba slushies and the Greek gyros. I tried to make as much room for all the different foods I wanted to try, but there was just so many it was impossible! This is definitely what keeps me going back every year. The delicious food from the many different cultures.

Greenhouse Gases How They Work and What They Are

Greenhouse gases absorb reflected solar energy, making the Earths atmosphere warmer.  A lot of the sun’s energy reaches the ground directly, and a portion is reflected by the ground back into space. Some gases, when present in the atmosphere, absorb that reflected energy and redirect it back to Earth as heat. The gases responsible for this are called greenhouse gases, as they play a similar role as the clear plastic or glass covering a greenhouse. Recent Increases Tied to Human Activities Some greenhouse gases are emitted naturally through wildfires, volcanic activity, and biological activity. However, since the industrial revolution at the turn of the 19th century, humans have been releasing increasing amounts of greenhouse gases. This increase accelerated with the development of the petro-chemical industry after World War II. The Greenhouse Effect The heat reflected back by greenhouse gases produces a measurable warming of the Earth’s surface and oceans. This global climate change has wide-ranging effects on the Earth’s ice, oceans, ecosystems, and biodiversity.    Carbon Dioxide Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas. It is produced from the use of fossil fuels to generate electricity (for example, coal-fired power plants) and to power vehicles. The cement manufacturing process produces a lot of carbon dioxide. Clearing land from vegetation, usually in order to farm it, triggers the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide normally stored in the soil. Methane Methane is a very effective greenhouse gas, but with a shorter lifespan in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. It comes from a variety of sources. Some sources are natural: methane escapes wetlands and oceans at a significant rate. Other sources are anthropogenic, which means man-made. The extraction, processing, and distribution of oil and natural gas all release methane. Raising livestock and rice farming are  major sources of methane. The organic matter in landfills and waste-water treatment plants releases methane. Nitrous Oxide Nitrous oxide  (N2O)  occurs naturally in the atmosphere as one of the many forms nitrogen can take. However, large amounts of released nitrous oxide contribute significantly to global warming. The main source is the use of synthetic fertilizer in agricultural activities. Nitrous oxide is also released from during the manufacturing of synthetic fertilizers. Motor vehicles release nitrous oxide when operating with fossil fuels like gasoline or diesel. Halocarbons Halocarbons are a family of molecules with a variety of uses, and with greenhouse gas properties when released into the atmosphere. Halocarbons include CFCs, which were once widely used as refrigerants in air conditioners and refrigerators. Their manufacture is banned in most countries, but they continue to be present in the atmosphere and damage the ozone layer (see below). Replacement molecules include HCFCs, which act as greenhouse gases. These are being phased out as well. HFCs are replacing the more harmful, earlier halocarbons, and they contribute much less to global climate change. Ozone Ozone is a naturally occurring gas located in the upper reaches of the atmosphere, protecting us from much of the damaging sun rays. The well-publicized issue of refrigerant and other chemicals creating a hole in the ozone layer is quite separate from the issue of global warming. In the lower parts of the atmosphere, ozone is produced as other chemicals break down (for example, nitrogen oxides). This ozone is considered a greenhouse gas, but it is short-lived and although it can contribute significantly to warming, its effects are usually local rather than global. Water, a Greenhouse Gas? How about water vapor? Water vapor plays an important role in regulating climate through processes operating at lower levels of the atmosphere. In the upper parts of the atmosphere, the amount of water vapor appears to vary a lot, with no significant trend over time. There are things you can do to reduce your greenhouse gas emissions. Source Observations: Atmosphere and Surface. IPCC, Fifth Assessment Report. 2013.